Category: Computer fundamentals faqs

A multi-core processor is an integrated circuit with two or more processors connected to it for faster simultaneous processing of several tasks, reduced power consumption, and for greater performance. Generally, it is made up of two or more processors that read and execute program instructions.

In other words, on a single chip, a multi-core processor comprises numerous processing units, or “Cores,” each of which has the potential to do distinct tasks. For instance, if you are performing many tasks at once, such as watching a movie and using WhatsApp, one core will handle activities like watching a movie while the other handles other responsibilities like WhatsApp.

A dual-core configuration is comparable to having several different processors installed on the same computer, but the connection between them is faster because the two CPUs are plugged into the same socket. Several instructions in parallel may be executed by individual cores, boosting the speed of software built to make use of the architecture’s unique features.

As compared to a single-core processor, a dual-core processor usually is twice as powerful in ideal circumstances. In actuality, performance gains of around 50% are expected: a dual-core CPU is roughly 1.5 times as powerful as a single-core processor.

As single-core processors hit their physical limits of complexity and speed, multi-core computing is becoming more popular. In modern times, the majority of systems are multi-core. Many-core or massively multi-core systems refer to systems with a huge number of CPU cores, such as tens or hundreds.

In the early 2000s, Intel and AMD released the first multicore processors. In modern times, CPUs come with two (“dual-core”), four (“quad-core”), six (“hexa-core”), and eight (“octa-core”) cores (“octo-core”). FPGA-based processors contain up to 100 physical cores and 1000 effective independent cores (Field Programmable Gate Arrays).

Architecture of Multicore Processor

A multi-core processor’s design enables the communication between all available cores, and they divide and assign all processing duties appropriately. The processed data from each core is transmitted back to the computer’s main board (Motherboard) via a single common gateway once all of the processing operations have been finished. This method beats a single-core CPU in terms of total performance.

Advantages of Multi-Core Processor

Multicore processors have a number of advantages (pros), including:

Performance

A multi-core CPU, by nature, can do more work as compared to a single-core processor. The spacing between the cores of an integrated circuit allows for faster clock rates. As a result, the signals do not need to travel a large distance to reach their target and are also persistent. When compared to using a separate processor, the speeds are far quicker.

Reliability

In multi-core CPUs, the software is always assigned to different cores. When one piece of software fails, the others remain unaffected. Whenever a defect arises, it affects only one core. As a result, multi-core CPUs are better able to resist faults.

Software Interactions

Even if the software is running on multiple cores, it will communicate with one another. Spatial and temporal isolation is a process that a multi-core processor goes through. Core threads are never delayed as a result of these processes.

Multitasking

An operating system can use a multi-core CPU to run two or more processes at the same time, even if many programmes may be executed at the same time. A photoshop application, for example, can be used to perform two jobs at once.

Power Consumption

Multitasking with a multi-core CPU, on the other hand, requires less power. Only the part of the CPU that generates heat will be used. The power consumption is eventually minimized, resulting in less battery utilization. Some operating systems, on the other hand, need more resources as compared to others.

Obsolescence Avoidance

Architects can avoid technology obsolescence and increase maintainability by using multicore CPUs. Chipmakers are using the most recent technological advancements in their multicore CPUs. Single-core chips are becoming increasingly difficult to come by as the number of cores increases.

Isolation

Multicore processors may increase (but do not guarantee) geographical and temporal isolation when compared to single-core systems. Software on one core is less likely to impact software on the other if both cores are executing on the same single-core. This decoupling happens due to geographical and temporal isolation (threads on one core are not delayed by threads on another core). With the help of limiting the impact of errors to a single core, multicore processing can increase robustness. When executing mixed-criticality programmes separately, this enhanced isolation is very important (safety-critical, mission-critical, and security-critical).

Some other key points of benefits of Multicore Processor:

• When compared to single-core processors, a multicore processor has the potential of doing more tasks.
• Low energy consumption when doing many activities at once.
• Data takes less time to reach its destination since both cores are integrated on a single chip.
• With the use of a small circuit, the speed can be increased.
• Detecting infections with anti-virus software while playing a game is an example of multitasking.
• With the use of low frequency, it can accomplish numerous tasks at the same time.
• In comparison to a single-core processor, it is capable of processing large amounts of data.

Disadvantages of Multi-Core Processors

We will go through some of the limitations (drawbacks) of a multi-core processor, including:

Application Speed

Despite the fact that a multi-core CPU is designed for multitasking, its performance is insufficient. It has a tendency to bounce from one core to the next each time when an application is processing. As a result, the cache fills up, increasing its speed.

Jitter

More interference develops as the number of cores in a multi-core CPU increase, resulting in excessive jitters. As a result, your operating system’s program performance may suffer, and frequent failures may occur. Only by using appropriate synchronization and a microkernel will the user be able to deal with jitter.

Analysis

When you are doing two or more things at once, you will need to employ additional memory models. In a multi-core machine, this makes analysis tough. Time limitations, in particular, are difficult to determine and may be inaccurate.

Furthermore, the interference analysis becomes more complex as the number of cores increases. Consequently, the O/S will be unable to deliver produce the promised results.

Resource Sharing

A multi-core processor shares a variety of resources, both internal and external. Networks, system buses, and main memory are among these resources. Consequently, any program running on the same core will have a higher chance of being interrupted. Both geographical and temporal isolation can occur in this form of interference.

Software Interference

Due to resource sharing, software interference can cause problems with spatial and temporal isolation. If there are additional cores, this chance increases even more. The presence of more cores implies a greater number of interference routes. It is nearly impossible to examine all possible interference pathways.

Some other key points of limitations of Multicore Processor:

• Although it contains several processors, it is not twice as fast as a simple processor.
• The task of managing is more complicated as compared to managing a single-core CPU.
• The performance of a multi-core processor is entirely dependent on the tasks that users execute.
• If other processors demand linear/sequential processing, multi-core processors take longer to process.
• The battery drains more quickly.
• Its consumption of power is so high as compared to a simpler processor.
• Furthermore, in comparison to a single-core processor, it is more expensive.

Why is Multi core Processor used?

The configuration is similar to a dual-core processor. Multi-core processors are classified according to the number of cores and the types of cores. A multi-core CPU’s objective is to obtain great performance. It was designed to get past the physical limitations of a single-core CPU.

Supportive Operating Systems of Multicore Processor include:

• Linux
• Microsoft Windows (Windows XP or above)
• Most BSD-based systems
• Solaris
• Mac OS X

A brief history of multicore processors

Because the companies who created the initial chip-based processors could only put one processor on a single chip, they could only fit one processor on a single chip. Chipmakers were able to construct chips with more circuits as chip-making technology progressed, and finally, chipmakers were able to make chips with more than one processor, resulting in the multi-core chip.

In 1998, the first multi-core processor was invented by Kunle Olukotun, a professor of electrical engineering at Stanford, and his students. Multicore chips were first commercially accessible in 2005 from Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) and Intel. Almost every chip maker has since started to create multicore processors.

Where are multicore processors used?

In modern times, multicore processors are found in the majority of devices such as tablets, desktops, laptops, smartphones and gaming systems.

The two core options provided demonstrate how a processor’s model does not tell the entire story regarding performance. As compared to a dual-core i5, the performance of a quad-core i5 is substantially superior, and the price of the computer will reflect this. All of the current laptop models for the i5 model are dual-core, whereas all of the desktop models are quad-core as of this writing. Because laptop versions are dual-core rather than quad-core, an i5 in a laptop will have poorer performance than an i5 on a desktop. The dual-core type is better suited to portable laptops that require longer battery life and consumes less power, but a desktop uses a CPU that uses more power, such as the quad-core model, as it does not require battery life. Some applications of the multicore processor are as follows:

• Games with high graphics, such as Overwatch and Star Wars Battlefront, as well as 3D games.
• The multicore processor is more appropriate in Adobe Premiere, Adobe Photoshop, iMovie, and other video editing software.
• Solidworks with computer-aided design (CAD).
• High network traffic and database servers.
• Industrial robots, for example, are embedded systems.

A fast and powerful computer is a must-have if you work as a designer on the computer, perform a lot of gaming, or simply want your computer to perform as smoothly as possible. The speed of a computer is affected by a variety of different things. In a computer, multiple components are present that work together to make it faster and more powerful. The primary hardware components that play an important role in order to improve the computer’s speed and performance are listed below, through which you can also pick the best computer for your needs.

Processor (CPU)

The central processing unit (CPU) or processor controls the computer’s overall speed or clock speed as it is one of the most significant components in making a computer fast. A good processor is one that can execute more instructions per second, resulting in faster processing. This is the section of the computer that deals with data processing, like reading and executing program instructions.

A computer’s “clock speed” refers to how rapidly it can complete this activity. The quicker your computer is, the more instructions the CPU can handle per second. For instance, the Intel 4004, a 740 kHz processor, was the first computer processor that had the potential to processing around 92,000 instructions per second. In modern times, processors have the ability to process more than 100 billion instructions per second as they are multi-core GHz processors and result in significantly faster than they used to be.

Determining what CPU is best for you is completely dependent upon what purpose you are going to use it. A dual-core CPU is an energy-efficient option as well as low-cost if you are only using it for everyday duties like checking your email or browsing the web.

Cache

The cache is another factor that influences the speed of your computer. The processor normally has to wait for such instructions from the computer’s slower memory; however, computers have the potential to execute billions of instructions in a second. The cache is used by computer motherboards and processors to transmit data between the components, such as memory, processor and more because the hard drive and RAM are slower as compared to the CPU. It stores data in order to respond to future data requests more rapidly.

A computer that contains Level 2 cache or Level 3 cache memory can have the ability to hold more instructions as well as send them to the CPU faster, as cache memory is the fastest type of memory in the computer system.

Memory (RAM)

RAM is a type of short-term data storage utilised by computers to store data that are currently executing in memory. Having extra RAM on your computer is beneficial because when it runs out of memory, it will shift unneeded data from memory to the primary storage device until it is needed again. Your computer will become substantially slower without enough memory if you add an extra step to the processing because the hard disc is the slowest type of computer memory.

You will require more RAM if you run more applications simultaneously. Look for a machine with as much RAM as possible if you want your computer to run a range of programs while remaining fast. More demanding games, and for professional work, 16GB is recommended. Patriot Viper Steel DDR4-4400 is the best choice for this. For a total of 16GB of RAM, this system comes with two 8GB RAM modules.

Bus speed

The speed of the bus can also impact the speed of a computer. In earlier systems, the motherboard’s bus speed improves the speed at which data is transferred between all hardware components. An FSB (front-side bus) of 66 MHz, for example, will be substantially slower as compared to a 400 MHz FSB. The CPU must wait longer for instructions if the computer’s bus is sluggish, result in slowing down the machine.

A bus is a circuit that links the various components on the motherboard of your computer, for example, the CPU and memory. The frequency of the FSB can vary from 66 MHz to over 800 MHz. To ensure that your computer is speedy, go for a motherboard with the fastest FSB speed feasible. The more data the bus can process at once, the faster information can move between these components. As a consequence, your computer will work more efficiently as it will have to wait less time for instructions.

Instead of FSB, in modern times, QPI (QuickPath Interconnect) is used by computers with Intel processors. As compared to FSB, QPI is more efficient and faster. HyperTransport, rather than FSB, is used by AMD processors. HyperTransport, like QPI, is quicker and more efficient as compared to FSB. QPI and HyperTransport help to make a computer faster as they enable quicker communication between the hard drive, RAM, and other hardware.

Hard drive

The hard drive also has a role in how quickly a computer runs. Moving elements are present in traditional hard disc drives (HDD). These moving elements have an impact on your computer’s performance, the speed at which these parts rotate, which is measured in revolutions per minute (RPM). For case, as compared to a 7,200 RPM hard drive, a 5,400 RPM hard disc will be slower. Therefore, various components of a hard disk drive are responsible for affecting the overall performance of your computer.

Because of the moving elements inside, an HDD (conventional hard disc) slows down the computer performance, consequently, slower read and write times. On the other hand, an SSD (solid-state drive) has speedier read and write times as it does not have moving parts.

Below is a list of the several elements that impact a hard disc’s speed.

• As compared to a standard hard disc drive (HDD), an SSD contains no moving parts, making it substantially faster.
• The RPM of a hard drive is the rate at which the platters inside the disc rotate. A hard drive with a 5400 RPM speed is significantly slower than one with a 7200 RPM speed.
• EIDE (ATA) cables and ports used in older computers to connect drives have a significantly slower transfer rate than SATA cables and ports used in modern system.

If you want your computer to function as quickly as possible, choose an SSD with as much storage space as feasible. The Crucial MX500 2TB, which offers a huge 2TB of capacity, is recommended.

Video card

The video card also affects the speed of your computer, which is the final piece of hardware, also known as the graphics processing unit (GPU). You will need a strong video card with its own memory and processor (GPU) if you want to play the newest computer games (VRAM). These video cards boost computer speed with the help of handling 3D rendering and other time-consuming activities. The faster a video card renders 3D visuals, the more powerful it is.

The performance of a video card is also influenced by the interface of the video card. For instance, as compared to newer PCI Express video cards, older AGP video cards are substantially slower. For presentation on a display device, the GPU, a specialized electronic circuit that has the potential to manipulate and alter memory quickly in order to speed up the production of images. You can understand why you will need a fast GPU to generate graphics for your screen if you work with photos a lot or play a lot of games.

It is advisable to buy a separate video card if you are not aware of about what kind of GPU you will need in order to improve your computer’s performance (also known as a discrete graphics card). This is due to the GPU’s need for RAM to function. A standalone GPU has its own RAM, whereas integrated graphics cards use the RAM from the main computer. This means your main system’s RAM will be free to focus on other activities because you will have specialized RAM for graphics processing.

Latest operating system

The operating system is another factor that plays a vital role in order to enhance a computer’s speed. The operating system enables all of the above-mentioned computer hardware to interact with as well as function with the computer software. Your computer will not function without an operating system. When new technologies are developed, the operating system must be built to interface with them in order for them to be fully supported by a computer.

In order to support new technologies, today’s operating systems provide updates; however, these updates may not be available for earlier operating systems. Because it supports and optimizes all of the latest hardware, a machine running Windows 10 is quicker as compared to one running Windows XP. Windows 10 is the current operating system for PCs. Windows 10 updates are released on a regular basis to address security vulnerabilities or bugs, both of which can slow down your computer. To ensure that your computer is as fast, safe, and efficient, keep your operating system up to date.

Software

The term “software” refers to the programs that are installed on your computer, which can also have an impact on a computer’s speed. If the software includes problems or is not developed well, it can cause your computer to slow down while those apps are running. Make sure to update your software on a regular basis to address any issues with efficiency or bugs if your computer is slow when running software.

Another suggestion is to examine your software on a regular basis, deleting anything you do not require. If you have installed a lot of programs on your computer or your computer comes with numerous pre-installed apps, there is a high chance you are not utilizing them all. These programmes can be uninstalled to make your computer operate quicker.

When you turn on your computer, several programs on your computer may also be set to open automatically. Your computer may take much time to boot up if there are too many of these. However, you can prevent apps from starting up automatically. For that, you need to open the Task Manager on Windows that can be accessed with the help of pressing the Ctrl, Shift, and Esc keys together. Then, you need to go to the “Startup” section of the window that appears and choose the “Disable” option for the apps you don’t wish to launch automatically. When you turn on your computer, such programmes will no longer open automatically.

Using the latest technologies

As compared to a computer that uses older technologies, a computer that employs the most recent technology will be significantly faster. For instance, in modern times, a SATA SSD is used in computers, which is significantly quicker as compared to a 5400 RPM IDE hard drive. Similarly, an Intel Core 2 Duo or AMD Athlon 64 X2 processor will be slower as compared to a computer with an AMD Ryzen 7 or Core i7 CPU.

How Fast Does Your Computer Need to Be?

In modern times, computers are more powerful. The majority of them have far more power than the ordinary user will ever require. We all want the best performance of the computer, though. Our lives are made easier by the ease of having a swift computer. Most modern computer systems are powerful enough to handle our daily tasks, such as checking email and accessing the Internet. When you are in the middle of a project or inspiration strikes, we do not want to wait.

You may need your computer to upgrade from many out of the box setups, especially if you are a gamer and use your computer to edit photos and movies or produce music. Although certain processes need the computer to work harder and may necessitate an update, computers are now fast enough to perform the majority of the tasks we throw at them.

Scanning in computers is the process of creating an electronic version of any photograph or documents. A device known as Scanner is used through which a document is scanned. If we need to scan documents, we need to have a scanner. However, online scanners are also available that allow us to scan the document in an online mode. There are online scanner websites and applications available that can be downloaded on the mobile device and can be used to scan an image or document. Generally, a scanner is needed to mail, upload, or send any document with much clarity. A scanned image particularly gives good print when printed and with clarity. In order to fill an application form, it is asked to upload a scanned image so that the words and sentences must be visible with clarity.

Here, we will discuss how we can scan a document using a Scanner and the steps through which we can scan.

Scanning a document using Windows Scan App

An in-built feature is enabled in Windows 10 version that enables us to scan a document to a computer. In order to use the Windows Scan app, we need a scanner that should be connected to the computer using a USB cable. Thereafter, follow the below steps for scanning the document using the Scan App:

1) Open your computer start menu either by clicking on the ‘Windows’ icon or pressing the ‘Windows’ key on the keyboard.

2) Search for ‘Scan app’ on the search bar, and if it is present, it will be visible. Else you can download it from the ‘Microsoft Store’ available on your system and search for Scan app, and the following result will be shown:

3) Now, click on the ‘Windows Scan’ app icon and click ‘Get’ as shown below:

4) The app will begin to download to your system. When downloaded successfully, launch the app by clicking on ‘Launch’ as shown below:

5) When we click on the launch, the app will open up.

6) If your Scanner is not connected with the computer, it will show that no scanner is connected. Else, the name of the attached Scanner will be displayed at the left menu of the app, as shown below:

7) Choose the type of file and select the file that you want to scan, as shown below:

8) Finally, click on the ‘Scan’ icon present below, and the document will be scanned.

Scanning a document using Windows Fax and Scan

It is an alternative app provided by Microsoft that not only provides scanning feature but it also allows to fax document from one location to another. Unlike the Windows Scan app, you don’t need to get it from the Microsoft Store as it is already present with the other in-built tools of Windows. The Windows Fax and Scan app requires a scanner that should be connected to the computer via USB cable. In order to use Windows Fax and Scan, one need to follow the below steps:

1) Press the’ Windows’ key or click on the ‘Start’ menu, then search for ‘Windows Fax and Scan’ on the search bar, as shown below:

2) The ‘Windows Fax and Scan’ window will open, as shown below:

3) Place the document that you want to scan in the Scanner and ensure that the side which has to be scanned should face below (towards the Scanner).

4) On the app, click on ‘New Scan’, which is available next to the ‘New Fax’ option, as you can see below:

5) If your Scanner is correctly connected, the name will be visible on the screen. Else, it will ask for connecting a scanner. Therefore, the connection should be made correctly.

6) After this, select the type of document that you want to scan. To do so, click on the ‘Profile’ drop-down box and choose the appropriate type of document.

7) With this, also select the color (either black & white or colored), file type (jpeg, pdf, etc.) and the resolution for the document.

8) Preview the document that will be displayed after finalizing the settings. Click on the ‘Preview’ button.

9) Finally, click on the ‘Scan’ button, and the placed document will get scanned to your computer.

10) In order to view the scanned document, open File Explorer > Documents > Scanned Documents and there you will find your scanned document.

These are the methods through which we can scan a document with the help of a scanner. There are various applications available for mobile phones that you can install and launch on your mobile devices to scan documents online without using Scanner.

The method of backup is the best way to secure the data on the computer. Back up enables the user to store a copy of data at other locations, which can be either physical or over the internet. There are millions of people who back up their device data at other locations. Generally, people back up their files on the cloud over the internet. It is a good habit to replicate your system’s data at another location because no one knows if the laptop or any other device may get stolen, may crash, or may lead to any system failure. Thus, removing one stress from the bulk is good for health because already there are many stresses that eat up the mind.

Here, we will discuss the method that will let us back up the data on our computer.

Methods to Back Up Computer Data

We will discuss certain methods to back up the computer data:

Back up data on USB Flash Drive

It is one such method that allows us to replicate our data on a removable flash drive in which we need a flash drive with at least 8GB storage capacity.

You need to follow the below steps to back up computer data on a flash drive:

Step 1: Take the USB flash drive and attach it to the computer to the suitable USB slot of the CPU or laptop.

Step 2: When the USB flash drive is successfully connected to the computer, an icon of the connected device will be displayed at the right-bottom corner of the desktop screen. A screenshot is shown below:

Step 3: Open ‘Settings’ from the computer either by searching it on the search bar or press the ‘Windows’ key and click on ‘Settings’ as shown in the below snapshot:

Step 4: Select ‘Update & Security’ and it will open, as shown below:

Step 5: Now, select ‘Backup’ from the left menu bar and the backup window will open as shown below:

Step 6: Click on ‘Add a drive,’ and it will recognize the USB drive that you attached to the system.

Step 7: Now, select the files and folders of the computer that you want to replicate, i.e., that you want to back up on the flash drive.

Step 8: Copy the data by pressing ‘Ctrl +C’ altogether or right-click on the screen, then select ‘Copy’. The data will be copied on the clipboard.

Step 9: Open the USB flash drive by double-clicking on the specified USB name. Press ‘Ctrl + V’ altogether or right-click somewhere on the screen, then select ‘Paste’ from it. The data that you selected will get pasted to the flash drive, as you can see in the below snapshot:

Step 10: Remove the USB flash drive from the computer, and the data will be copied to the USB flash drive.

Note: You need to keep the flash drive safely because if lost, your stored data will also be lost.

Back-Up data using Microsoft One Drive

Microsoft One Drive is a free cloud storage service that enables not only to store data but share files with other people. It helps to free up memory space on our computer by storing data on the One Drive and can delete data from the computer with no worries. Such an online cloud service is provided by Microsoft that can be used on mobile phones, laptops, or Desktops. Microsoft launched the service on 1 August 2007. There is just a need for an internet connection, and we can access our account at any location. Also, share files when there is an urgent need. We need to create an account on Microsoft One Drive, and whenever the system is connected to the internet, it will synchronize the data of our device. Such a platform is available in 107 languages free of cost.

Thus, one needs to follow the below steps to back up data using Microsoft One Drive on Windows 10:

1) Open Microsoft One Drive on your computer, which you can see at the right bottom side of the taskbar on the computer. A snapshot is shown below:

2) Now, you need to sign-in to your Microsoft account. The Microsoft One Drive is already featured in Windows 10. Click on the icon. One either needs to sign-in if you already have an account on Microsoft One Drive or can create an account if you have no existing account on Microsoft One Drive. You can create by clicking on ‘Create an Account’. For creating an account, it will ask for providing an email id and password to set your account on One Drive. A snapshot is shown below:

3) After the successful creation of the Microsoft account, sign-in to your account by providing the email id and as soon you provide the mail id, the Sign-in button will get enabled, as you can see in the below snapshot:

4) Next, it will ask for the password. Provide the password and click Sign in. A snapshot is shown below:

Note: If you already have an account but have forgotten the password. In such a situation, you can click on ‘Forgot Password’ and reset the password by following the instructions.

5) Your Microsoft One Drive account will open, as shown in the below snapshot:

Note: When you are signed-in to your account, no break will be visible, but if not, a broken sign can be seen on the Microsoft One Drive icon present on the right bottom corner of the taskbar.

6) Now, click on ‘Help & Settings’ and under the options, as shown below:

7) Select ‘Settings,’ and the page will open, as shown below:

8) Under several options on the menu bar, you will see the ‘Backup’ section. Click on it, as shown below:

9) Under the Backup section, click on ‘Manage Accounts’ and the page will open as shown in the below snapshot:

10) Choose the folders that you want to add to the backup and select them.

11) Click on ‘Start backup’ after selecting the folders.

12) The selected folders will get added to Microsoft One Drive Backup.

13) Under the One Drive folder, you will see the folders that you selected for backup.

14) Open one folder, such as the Desktop folder, and you can see all the files and data which is stored on your desktop on the computer. A snapshot is shown below:

It is the method to store and backup the data of the computer on an online cloud platform. One can remain stress-free for safety and data loss.

These are some methods using which we can back up our data to different places. Other than these described methods, we can backup data on Dropbox, CD or at any other location also.

Cyber law, also known as Internet Law or Cyber Law, is the part of the overall legal system thet is related to legal informatics and supervises the digital circulation of information, e-commerce, software and information security. It is associated with legal informatics and electronic elements, including information systems, computers, software, and hardware. It covers many areas, such as access to and usage of the Internet, encompassing various subtopics as well as freedom of expression, and online privacy.

Cyber laws help to reduce or prevent people from cybercriminal activities on a large scale with the help of protecting information access from unauthorized people, freedom of speech related to the use of the Internet, privacy, communications, email, websites, intellectual property, hardware and software, such as data storage devices. As Internet traffic is increasing rapidly day by day, that has led to a higher percentage of legal issues worldwide. Because cyber laws are different according to the country and jurisdiction, restitution ranges from fines to imprisonment, and enforcement is challenging.

Cyberlaw offers legal protections for people who are using the Internet as well as running an online business. It is most important for Internet users to know about the local area and cyber law of their country by which they could know what activities are legal or not on the network. Also, they can prevent ourselves from unauthorized activities.

The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act was the first cyber law, called CFFA, that was enacted in 1986. This law was helpful in preventing unauthorized access to computers. And it also provided a description of the stages of punishment for breaking that law or performing any illegal activity.

Why are cyber laws needed?

There are many security issues with using the Internet and also available different malicious people who try to unauthorized access your computer system to perform potential fraud. Therefore, similarly, any law, cyber law is created to protect online organizations and people on the network from unauthorized access and malicious people. If someone does any illegal activity or breaks the cyber rule, it offers people or organizations to have that persons sentenced to punishment or take action against them.

What happens if anyone breaks a cyber law?

If anyone breaks a cyber law, the action would be taken against that person on the basis of the type of cyberlaw he broke, where he lives, and where he broke the law. There are many situations like if you break the law on a website, your account will be banned or suspended and blocked your IP (Internet Protocol) address. Furthermore, if any person performs a very serious illegal activity, such as causing another person or company distress, hacking, attacking another person or website, advance action can be taken against that person.

Importance of Cyber Law

Cyber laws are formed to punish people who perform any illegal activities online. They are important to punish related to these types of issues such as online harassment, attacking another website or individual, data theft, disrupting the online workflow of any enterprise and other illegal activities.

If anyone breaks a cyber law, the action would be taken against that person on the basis of the type of cyberlaw he broke, where he lives, and where he broke the law. It is most important to punish the criminals or to bring them to behind bars, as most of the cybercrimes cross the limit of crime that cannot be considered as a common crime.

These crimes may be very harmful for losing the reliability and confidentiality of personal information or a nation. Therefore, these issues must be handled according to the laws.

• When users apply transactions on the Internet, cyber law covers every transaction and protect them.
• It touches every reaction and action in cyberspace.
• It captures all activities on the Internet.

Areas involving in Cyber Laws

These laws deal with multiple activities and areas that occur online and serve several purposes. Some laws are formed to describe the policies for using the Internet and the computer in an organization, and some are formed to offer people security from unauthorized users and malicious activities. There are various broad categories that come under cyber laws; some are as follows:

Fraud

Cyber laws are formed to prevent financial crimes such as identity theft, credit card theft and other that occurring online. A person may face confederate or state criminal charges if he commits any type of identity theft. These laws have explained strict policies to prosecute and defend against allegations of using the internet.

Copyrighting Issues

The Internet is the source that contains different types of data, which can be accessed anytime, anywhere. But it is the authority of anyone to copy the content of any other person. The strict rules are defined in the cyber laws if anyone goes against copyright that protects the creative work of individuals and companies.

Scam/ Treachery

There are different frauds and scams available on the Internet that can be personally harmful to any company or an individual. Cyber laws offer many ways to protect people and prevent any identity theft and financial crimes that happen online.

Online Insults and Character Degradation

There are multiple online social media platforms that are the best resources to share your mind with anyone freely. But there are some rules in cyber laws if you speak and defaming someone online. Cyber laws address and deal with many issues, such as racism, online insults, gender targets to protect a person’s reputation.

Online Harassment and Stalking

Harassment is a big issue in cyberspace, which is a violation of both criminal laws and civil. In cyber laws, there are some hard laws defined to prohibit these kinds of despicable crimes.

Data Protection

People using the internet depends on cyber laws and policies to protect their personal information. Companies or organizations are also relying on cyber laws to protect the data of their users as well as maintain the confidentiality of their data.

Contracts and Employment Law

When you are visiting a website, you click a button that gives a message to ask you to agree for terms and conditions; if you agree with it, that ensures you have used cyber law. For every website, there are terms and conditions available that are associated with privacy concerns.

Trade Secrets

There are many organizations that are doing online businesses, which are often relying on cyber laws to protect their trade secrets. For example, online search engines like Google spend much time to develop the algorithms that generate a search result. They also spend lots of time developing other features such as intelligent assistance, flight search services, to name a few and maps. Cyber laws help these organizations to perform legal action by describing necessary legal laws for protecting their trade secrets.

How to protect yourself on the Internet

Although the Internet is a resource that contains multiple different types of content, there are many hackers or unauthorized users that may be harmful to you in order to thief your personal information. Below are given all of the steps that may help you to keep your personal information and computers safe while using the Internet. All of the given steps or suggestions can be beneficial for all computer users, even if what type of computer, device, or operating system they are using.

Verify data is encrypted

When you are sending any confidential information, such as debit card numbers, credit card numbers, usernames, or passwords, send these types of information securely. In Internet browsers, look for a small lock (Internet browser security lock) to verify this; an icon will be shown in the right corner of the bottom of the browser address bar or browser Window. If you see the icon, it should be in a locked condition and not in an unlocked position. Also, make sure the URL starts with https (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure), as displaying in the below screenshot:

If the lock icon is in the locked position and data is intercepted, the data is encrypted that helps to keep secure your data and prevent others to understand it. The data can be read by anyone if the lock is in the unlocked position or no lock is visible because all information will be in the form of plain text. For example, an online forum is not secure, use a password, but you will not use the password with protected sites like an online banking website.

Use a safe password

Like online bank site or other websites that contain confidential information, need to use very strong passwords, it is also recommended; you must use the different and strong password for all websites that require login id and password. You could use a password manager if you required help to remember your password.

Keep your software and operating system up-to-date

To protect yourself on the Internet, it is better to update your software installed on your computer and operating system regularly. It is necessary because many updates are released by the developers of the operating system that are related to computer security-related issues. Therefore, you should update your system when the latest updates are released.

When available always enable two-factor authentication

You can use the two-factor authentication feature to make more secure your accounts, like Gmail or others that require a login and contain your private data. It offers advanced protection by adding an additional step in verifying you at the time of login. If you enable two-factor authentication and the service does not verify your computer or other devices after authenticating your password, it sends a text message with a verification code on your cell phone. It includes more powerful security; for example, if someone knows your password of any account and tries to access your account, but he does not have your phone, he cannot access your account even with a valid password.

Always be cautious of e-mail links and attachments

The email attachments and hyperlinks sent through email are the most common resources to spread viruses and malware. It is recommended to always be extremely cautious to open any attachments and hyperlinks, which you have received through email from others, even if they have sent by friend or family.

Be aware of phishing scams

There are many phishing scams and techniques that can be more harmful in respect to losing your secret information. Therefore, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with these types of techniques. Hackers mainly target websites that need a login, such as PayPal, eBay, Amazon, online banking sites, and other popular sites.

E-mail is not encrypted

If you send any confidential information through email, it can be read or understood by unauthorized users as email is not encrypted. Therefore, confidential data like debit card information, credit card information, password and more should not be transmitted over e-mail.

Use an alternative browser

For protecting your systems, Internet browsers also play an important role. For example, earlier versions of Internet Explorer are not more secure. If you are using a lass secure browser in terms of your browser like Internet Explorer, you should switch to another browser like Mozilla Firefox or Google Chrome. Also, if you are using Microsoft Windows 10 operating system on your computer and want to stay to use a Microsoft Internet browser, you can switch to the Microsoft Edge rather than Internet Explorer that is more secure in terms of protecting your systems.

Use caution when accepting or agreeing to prompts

When you are indicated to install an add-on or any program, before clicking on the Ok button, you need to read and understand the agreement carefully. If you do not understand the agreement or feel it is not necessary to install, you should not install this kind of program, cancel or close the window, which may be harmful for you.

Also, when you are installing an add-on or any program, you need to care about any check box that asks if this third-party program will be ok to install. These often cause more issues and leave these boxes unchecked because these are never required.

Be cautious where you are logging in from

Business

If you are working in any organization, your place of work can monitor your computer by installing key loggers or use other methods. In this case, someone can collect usernames and passwords and read these logs if he has access to this information. It can be more harmful to lose your personal information. Additionally, if your computer is shared with other co-workers, do not store any passwords in your browser.

Wireless network

When you are using a wireless network, you must be careful that all the information sent from your computer and to your computer can be read and intercepted by any unauthorized person. You can log in to the network securely with the help of using WPA or WEP and prevent losing your secret information. Furthermore, make sure the network is secure if it is a home wireless network.

Friend’s house

Sometimes, you may use your friend’s computer and log in to your account on that computer, which may not be fully secure. Intentionally or unintentionally, you can enter your username and password on your friend’s computer or the computer with whom you are not familiar. Finally, never save the password information on your friend’s computer browser when you are logging into any site on a friend’s computer.

Always think before you share something

There are many social media sites, such as Instagram, Facebook, that enable you to make online friends and connect with them. The networking sites are also the best place to share your personal information with your friends, family or others. When you share something on social networking sites or the Internet, make sure you are not sending any information that can be harmful to you if everyone sees it. The sent information on the social network or the Internet should be public. Also, make sure you are sharing such something that will not offend anyone or embarrass you, and you must not be uploaded on the Internet.

Update Internet browser plugins

You should update Internet browser plugins or install the latest plugins to protect yourself while online on the computer. Due to browser plugins like Adobe Flash, attackers may find some easiness or security vulnerabilities to hack any system. Therefore, you need to check out regularly that all your installed Internet plug-ins are up-to-date.

Be aware of those around you

If you are working on the computer at any public area, school, library and more, make sure anyone is not looking at your screen, as there will be many people around you. On the other hand, it can be cautious if anyone is looking at your system screen that is called shoulder surfing. If you are required to system screen private, you can use a privacy filter for the display.

Secure saved passwords

There are many users that are habitual to save login information and password on the system, but it can be insecure. Therefore, make sure you are storing your personal details, such as credit card detail and account passwords, in a secure area. It is recommended for everyone to use a password manager to save your passwords.

A password manager is a software that holds all securely encrypts and login information, and password protects that information. If you save a password in a browser and anyone has access to your Internet browser, the password information may be seen by that person. For instance, in the Firefox Internet browser, anyone can see all stored passwords if you do not set up a master password.

Do not always trust what you read online

You should be aware about that it is possible for anyone to publish a website on the Internet. There are various creators who may have intention for creating a site only for malicious purposes. For instance, a website can be created to gain unauthorized access and spread fear, lies, or malware.

YouTube is a popular source for watching and enjoying online videos and music. But sometimes, some videos or music seem like we should save it permanently on our computer because we love to hear it again and again. To save YouTube music to our computer, there are various software and online websites available that will let you do so.

Here, we will discuss some of the ways through which we can download and save YouTube music to our computer. We will discuss those websites or software which are free of cost. Let’s discuss one by one.

Using 4K YouTube to MP3 Downloader

4K YouTube to MP3 Downloader is free software that is specifically meant for extracting audio from YouTube, Facebook, Vimeo, and Flickr. It allows downloading and saving it in various formats, including MP3, M4A, and OGG, with no ads interrupting in between. Using 4K YouTube to MP3 downloader, we can download and save a complete playlist to our computer.

To download music, follow the below-given steps:

1) Download and install 4K YouTube to MP3 Downloader to your system (Windows, Linux, or Mac) from its official site or directly from the provided link: https://www.4kdownload.com/products/youtubetomp3.

A snapshot is shown below:

2) After successfully installing the setup on your computer, open YouTube on your computer.

3) Search for the music video or playlist that you want to save to your computer as shown below:

4) Copy the URL of the video from the address bar as you can see in the below snapshot:

5) Now, open 4K YouTube to MP3 downloader on your computer, and it will open, as shown below:

6) Click on ‘Paste URL’ at the top-left corner as you can see below:

7) The software will recognize and start retrieving the information of the particular pasted URL, as shown below:

Note: If you have not copied any URL from YouTube and clicking on ‘Paste URL’, it will tell that no valid link found.

8) If you are downloading a complete playlist, it will ask whether to download the complete playlist or download one. A snapshot is shown below:

9) Choose accordingly and wait for some seconds or a minute for the audio to get downloaded to your computer, as shown below:

10) After the successful download, it gets saved to your computer, and you can enjoy it whenever you want.

Using Any Video Converter Free

Any Video Converter is a video converter software that enables us to download and save videos to our computer. It supports multiple music sources, including YouTube and Facebook. However, it also allows converting any video to audio and downloading it to the computer. Any Video Converter (AVC) is capable of downloading high def files with basic editing options. These editing options let you clip or merge audio and video files. AVC supports Windows, Mac, and Linux platforms. You can download and install it on any of these platforms. There are following steps through which one can download the audio by extracting it from a video:

1) Open an internet browser on your system and browse for Any Video Converter to download it to your computer. You can also download it from the provided link: https://www.any-video-converter.com/. A snapshot is shown below:

2) After successfully downloading the software, install the setup by following each installation step.

3) Open YouTube on your computer and open the video that you want to store as an audio file to your computer. Copy the URL of the video from the address bar as you can see below:

4) Now, launch AVC on your system.

5) It will ask to register with your email id to AVC. Just click on ‘Continue Trying’ as shown below:

6) The AVC software will open. Click on the button under ‘Add URL(s)’ and then select ‘Download Music Files’ as shown in the below snapshot:

7) A mini window will open. Click on the (+) icon, which is green in colour. You can see it in the below snapshot:

8) When you click on the (+) icon, it will display a blank space. Paste the copied URL to the tab as shown below:

9) Click on the ‘Start Download’ button. The software will determine and search for the pasted URL video, and it will get processed. A snapshot is shown below:

10) As we want to save the music (audio), it will download it into the audio file format.

11) Finally, after successful downloading, click on ‘Media Manager’ and then ‘Downloaded’ as shown below:

You can even download video, burn a cd, and other things using AVC downloader.

Using Download Music From YouTube (DMFY)

DMFY is an online converter that converts YouTube videos into MP3 formats very efficiently. The process is very easy, simple as well as friendly. We just need to go to the DMFY website, and it will become quite easy to download music using DMFY. There are following steps you need to follow to use DMFY:

1) Open YouTube on your internet browser and search for the video that you want to keep as an audio file to your computer. Copy the URL of the video from the address bar.

2) Open a new tab on your browser and search for ‘Download music from YouTube’ and open the official site or you can directly visit from the provided link: https://downloadmusicfromyoutube.site/

3) The website will open, as shown below:

4) Now, you are required to paste the copied link search tab given as “Paste YouTube Video Link here, then hit GO”. Click on ‘Go’. A snapshot is shown below:

5) DMFY will search for the video on the specified URL, and after doing a successful search, it will begin to download to your computer.

6) You can enjoy it whenever you wish to.

These are the three certain ways through which one can download music by extracting it from the video and save it to the computer and watch anytime without internet. Apart from these ways, there are particularly more software and websites available to download music.

As human beings use different languages to communicate and convey their thoughts, ideas, messages, and actions to others, in the same way, to communicate with computers, a computer understandable language is required, known as Programming Language. Thus, a programming language is a way to communicate with the computer and provide instructions to the computer so that the computer can execute our tasks. Computer Programming is the process of designing and building programs in order to execute the instructions successfully. The demand for computer programming has increased highly, and people are learning computer programming as they find a good interest in such a field. Programming is performed by Coding, and we create programs by writing codes on the computer. Computer code is the logic of a human mind that we create for executing our instructions and get the results accordingly. Using computer programming concepts, we can analyze, develop, and implement several algorithms that are used for executing the programs. As human beings use various languages for communication such as English, Hindi, and other regional languages, similarly, there are multiple programming languages through which we can provide instructions and execute programs. At present, computer programming has boon the world and minds of the young generation who choose programming as their career field and include their full dedication and efforts to grow themselves in this field.

Concepts of Computer Programming

Every learning has some basic concepts that should be understood thoroughly. A person can be good at mathematics if the basic concepts are clear to study maths at higher levels, in English, one should be clear with English grammar so that they can speak, write and communicate very well in English. So, to move to a higher level, one should be clear with their basic level of knowledge. There are the following concepts in computer programming that should be clear for learning and hands-on in computer programming:

• We should know about the programming environment.
• The grammar of Computer programming, known as Syntax.
• Role of Data types, variables, and keywords in computer programming.
• Different types of loops and its role in computer programming
• What are input and output operations in computer programming
• Functions and its role
• Various types of logical and arithmetic operators.

To become a good computer programmer and enhance your knowledge level in computer programming, you should be clear about these basic concepts. Also, every programming language has its own syntax and execution method and carries its own set of rules. But the objective is the same that is to make the computer understand our instructions, execute the program, and get the appropriate computing results.

History of Computer Programming

1206: Al-Jazari, an Arab engineer, invented a programmable drum machine that was able to play several drum patterns and rhythms through pegs and cams. Such a drum machine was a musical mechanical automaton.

1801: The Jacquard loom that was invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard (a French weaver) was able to produce different weaves by changing the ‘program’.

In the 9^th century, various code-breaking algorithms were also introduced. An Arab mathematician Al-Kindi gave rise to an algorithm that was able to decipher the encrypted code. The algorithm was known as the Cryptographic algorithm.

1843: Ada Lovelace, a mathematician, published an algorithm for calculating a sequence of Bernoulli numbers. The algorithm was carried out by the Analytical Engine that was given by Charles Babbage. It was the year when the first computer program was dated.

1880: Herman Hollerith, an American inventor, invented the idea and concept to store data in machine-readable form. Later, a control panel was added, and the 1906 Type I tabulator was programmed for different job purposes.

1940s: The unit record equipment, namely IBM 602 and IBM 604, became the first electronic computers that were programmed by the control panels.

Earlier machine code was the well-known computer programming language through which the instructions were given in the binary notation to the computer. Later on, Assembly language came into existence that enabled programmers to specify the instruction set in the form of text, each having a meaningful name for specifying the addresses. With more development, High-level languages were introduced that made the process of program development very easy, simple, and easy to understand. Thus, various high-level languages were developed from which FORTRAN was the first widely used language. Later on, more languages were developed, such as COBOL and Lisp.

The late 1960s: As it was still the punch card era, computer programs were written using punch cards or paper tapes. This year, it became possible to write computer programs directly on the computer via text editors, and data storage devices and computer terminals became inexpensive.

Computer Programming Languages

There are following multiple programming languages that allow programmers to process and execute small as well as large programs:

• C Language: The language was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie and its laboratories at AT & T Bells It was basically designed and developed for implementing the UNIX OS. It is a structured programming language.
• C++: It was developed in 1983 and was an object-oriented version of the C programming language. C++ was developed for providing high-level abstractions so as to handle large development projects efficiently.
• C#: It was developed in 1983, known as Objective-C by Apple. It was mainly created for addressing the lacking points of the object-oriented programming language. Later on, it was licensed by NeXt in 1988.
• Python: It was developed in the late 1980s, which was an advanced programming language because it was object-oriented, interpreted, robust plus flexible.
• Java: It was developed in 1990 at Sun Microsystems, and was originally known as Oak. It is a general-purpose and high-level programming language.
• HTML: HyperText Markup Language was developed in 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee (a physicist) that enabled scientists to share documents in an online mode.
• JavaScript: It was developed in 1995 at Netscape and was known as LiveScript. Later on, it was named JavaScript, which is a client-side programming language.

These are some of the primary computer programming languages. Besides these languages, there are many more programming languages such as Php, Ruby, Swift, R, Scala, and many more.

A Printer is an essential part of a computer that allows us to print the intangible data onto a paper sheet. Generally, people go to cyber cafes for print out works. It is because they do not have a computer in their homes or are not computer users and are not knowledgeable about the technical world. If you have to Google such a question, it probably means that you are a technical person or computer user, owns a printer or has purchased one and wants to learn how to connect your printer to the computer. If you have a printer at home, it will not only save your money as well as time that you put in visiting Cybercafes. Also, sometimes at midnights, it becomes urgent to take out print outs, no cyber cafes open, so a personal printer at home is a good option.

Here, we will discuss the methods through which we can connect our printer to the computer. We will see the types of printers available and also look at both wired and wireless methods of adding a printer to our computer.

Types of Printers

Before moving to the connection steps, we should briefly discuss the types of printers available at present:

• Laser Printers: The printers are used to quickly print hundreds of pages (in just a few minutes).
  
  Such printers are used for printing legal or professional documents. We can find such printers at cyber cafes or government sectors.
• Inkjet Printers: These printers are used by a common group of people. Such a printer is capable of printing documents for schools, project pages, photos, online forms, online purchasing receipts, etc.
  
  People choose Inkje? printers as their personal assistant.
• 3D Printers: It is a new variety of printer that is used for printing 3D parts or tools, and replaced parts for broken objects. It is used for taking digital blueprints of the objects.
  
  Such printers are used for architectural purposes, designing purposes, and many more. 3D printers are also used for printing toys for kids.

Now, we will discuss the methods of connecting a printer to the computer.

Connecting a Wired Printer (Local Printer) on Computer

A local printer refers to the printer that is not connected to the network. A wired printer comes with a USB port that allows connecting the printer to the USB port of the computer using a USB printer cable. The requirement is to have a USB printer cable.

Step 1: Keep your printer near to your computer because the length of the USB cable is limited. So, the printer should not be placed at a far distance from the computer.

Step 2: Now, you need to plug-in the computer and printer to the power source and then press the power button on both the devices so that both printer and computer are turned on.

Step 3: Connect the printer to the computer using the USB cable.

Step 4: Unlock your Windows and open Settings by pressing the ‘Windows’ button on the keyboard or clicking the Windows icon present on the bottom-left corner of the taskbar. A screenshot is shown below:

Step 5: The Windows Settings page will open, as shown in the below snapshot:

Step 6: Click on the ‘Devices’ icon present under Settings. A snapshot is shown below:

Step 7: The Devices page will open. Under the ‘Printers & scanners’ option, click on ‘Add a printer or scanner’ (+) button. It will search for the connected device, as shown in the below snapshot:

Step 8: After a successful search, the name of the printer that is connected to the computer will get displayed, click on the Add device present under the printer’s name.

However, if you don’t see the name of the attached printer below, click on “The printer that I want isn’t listed” option. A snapshot is shown below:

Step 9: A confirmation dialog box will open, namely ‘User Account Control’, that will ask for the permission. Click on ‘Yes’ under it, and your printer will get installed on the system, and you can use it whenever you need it.

So, in this way, you can connect a wired printer with your computer system.

Connecting a Wireless Printer to Computer

The wireless printers are different from the Wired printers because the method to install a wireless printer differs as per the manufacturers. There are following network connections you can find when you connect a wireless printer to the computer:

• Choose the Wi-Fi network: For such a connection, you should know the SSID of the home network.
• Make use of the printer’s LCD panel to get the wireless Setup: On the printer, move to Setup> Wireless LAN Settings.
• Type your network password: There might be cases where you need to use a USB cable in order to temporarily connect your printer to the computer system for installing the software on your computer. But, it is only for one time. After that, you can see the printer name automatically under the ‘Printers & Scanners’ list. Keep printer and computer too close to one another, i.e., under the range of the router.

There are following steps you need to follow in order to connect your printer to the computer:

Step 1: Make the appropriate network connection according to the manufacturer of the printer and place your printer under the range of the router to get good network signals.

Step 2: Turn on the power button of the printer by pressing on the power button. Before this, plug in the printer and computer to the power source.

Step 3: Every printer or electronic device always carries a manual within its box. Pick out the manual you got with the printer. Read and follow each instruction to make connections in the right manner. However, if you do not possess the manual, just visit the manufacturer support site, and you can find the instructions and follow them.

Step 4: Now, you need to prepare the printer for connection. For doing so, use your printer screen for setting up the Wi-Fi network. For the Wi-Fi setup, enter the network password, and the Wi-Fi setup should be the same for the computer as well as the printer. If your connection is through Bluetooth, Setup your system for Bluetooth connection. For Bluetooth setup, press the crooked Bluetooth icon present on the printer, and pair your printer with your computer system.

Step 5: Open ‘Settings’ on the Windows by directly searching on the search bar or pressing the ‘Windows’ button present on the bottom-left side of the taskbar. The windows settings page will open, as shown in the below snapshot:

Step 6: Click on ‘Devices’ icon under the Settings page and the Devices Window will open as shown in the below screenshot:

Step 7: If it is a Wi-Fi connection, click on the ‘Printers & Scanners’ connection option and click on the respective option by choosing it from the left menu panel (as discussed in wired connection). If it is a Bluetooth connection, choose ‘Bluetooth & other devices’ option from the left menu panel.

For Wi-Fi Connection

For Bluetooth Connection

Step 8: Now, open the respective option and click on the ‘Add a printer or scanner’ option or ‘Add Bluetooth or other devices’ option, present at the top of the respective pages. If it is a Wi-Fi connection, the computer will start searching for the connected devices, and after a successful search attempt, the name of the connected printer will get displayed. If it is a Bluetooth connection, turn on the Bluetooth on the computer, and then it will search for the connected printer.

Step 9: When the name of the printer gets displayed in the list, click on ‘Add device’ under the name, and the printer will get connected to the computer.

Connecting Shared Printer on a Network

A shared printer is required when we want to print pages from more than one computer or device. For such a task, we use a shared printer by setting up sharing settings in the system for the computer.

There are following steps you need to follow to share a printer on a network:

Step 1: Install the printer on the computer you want to share by making a wireless connection or wired connection (as we have discussed above).

Step 2: Open ‘Settings’ on Windows either by searching on the search bar or pressing the Windows icon and selecting ‘Settings’ option from it.

Step 3: The Windows settings page will open and click on the ‘Network & Internet’ icon, as shown in the below snapshot:

Step 4: Now, the ‘Network & Internet’ settings page will open, click on ‘Status’ from the left menu panel, as shown in the below snapshot:

Step 5: Under ‘Change your network’ settings, click on ‘Sharing’ options. It will enable to decide what you want to share. A screenshot is shown below:

Step 6: The ‘Sharing’ options window will open in which click on the ‘Expand (^)’ button present on the right side of ‘Private’ as shown below:

Step 7: Under ‘File and printer sharing’, check the ‘Turn on file and printer sharing’ checkbox option to enable the sharing of printer and file over the network, as shown below:

Step 8: Now, connect to the shared printer by clicking on ‘Add device’ under the shareable printer name.

Note: Make sure that the computer that is sharing the printer has enabled the connection or not.

So, these are the possible methods through which one can connect a printer to a computer system.

Generally, people who love to watch movies or videos on big screens with high volume prefer to connect the computer with TV. When we connect the computer to the TV, we can watch movies, videos, or other things on the big screen. Also, the gamers who like to play games on big monitors, connect their computer with television to play. However, it is an easy and simple task that one can do in just a few minutes. Earlier it was not an easy job to make such connections, and today in the presence of modern technologies with modern computer systems, it has become possible to create such connections

Here, we will learn the methods through which we can connect a computer to the TV. We can connect a computer to a television, either wirelessly or using wired connections.

Connecting Computer to TV using Wired Connections

Using HDMI

HDMI or High-Definition Multimedia Interface is one of the easiest methods to connect a computer system to the TV. In laptops or desktop PCs, there are different kinds of connections and adapters present. Such as if you have a too old computer or TV, there will be various options available to make such connections. So, you can check out the specs available that matches your system features. Generally, in all modern systems, HDMI ports are available varying in sizes. It means either your system will have full-sized HDMI or mini/micro HDMI, or both. These ports are present at the sides of the laptop and at the backside of the CPU. A HDMI cable looks like:

An advantage of HDMI cable is that it can deal and handle the audio and video easily. If you do not have the HDMI cable, you can purchase it from the market.

There are following steps through which we can connect a computer to a TV using HDMI cable:

Step 1) Find out the HDMI port on the laptop as well as on the TV. Both HDMI ports on the devices will be similar, and the HDMI cable has the precisely same connectors on both ends. Attach the cable in its respective ports and make a male-to-male HDMI connection.

Note: If more number of HDMI ports are available on the devices, check out the port number in which you are connecting.

Step 2) Now, use your TV remote or TV buttons and press the INPUT button in order to change the input as HDMI instead of TV. In some televisions, it automatically recognizes and changes the input to HDMI.

Step 3) Open the ‘Display Settings’ on the desktop by right-clicking anywhere on the desktop screen, as shown in the below snapshot:

Step 4) The ‘Settings’ window will open. Click on the ‘Detect’ button present on the screen that will enable the computer to know that it is connected with TV.

Select the TV option from the display numbers where 1 display the primary display and 2 displays that it is the tv display, or you are connected to more than two displays.

Step 5) If you are confused about the label number, you can click on the ‘Identify’ button that will let you know the number which is assigned to your computer display and the number assigned to your tv.

Step 6) Click on the ‘Multiple Displays’ drop-down box and choose the option for the way you want to display your computer system on the television. You will see the below options in the drop-down list as:

• Duplicate these displays: This option will mirror your system on the TV.
• Extend these displays: Such option selection will make your tv as an extended part of your desktop.
• Show only on 1: If you select this option, it will turn off display number 2.
• Show only on 2: It is the opposite of the above option, where it will turn off display number 1.

Step 7) Choose the appropriate option and click on the ‘Apply’ button. When you do so, it will apply on the monitor and change the display settings. Now, your computer will be connected to your TV. In order to make some advanced settings, click on the label number and click on ‘Advanced display settings’. It will help you to make further settings regarding the chosen display.

Using DVI or VGA

VGA and DVI connectors are used for the transmission of videos from source to its destination, such as transmitting video from a computer to any projector or television. VGA stands for Videos Graphics Adapter, and DVI stands for Digital Video Interface. The VGA connector cables are able to carry only the analog signals. On the other hand, DVI is a new connector cable that is able to carry analog and digital signals with more sharper and better display performance. The steps to connect a computer to the television using DVI or VGA cables are similar to the steps that were discussed for the HDMI connection.

Connecting Computer to TV using wireless connections

Using Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology connection that enables to make an internet connection on the device. In order to connect your tv with the computer, we need to connect our tv with a Wi-Fi connection.

There are following steps we need to follow to connect our computer with tv using a Wi-Fi connection:

Step 1) You need to enable the Wi-Fi mode on the television. Use your television remote or buttons to search out the Wi-Fi settings and enable it. Connect your computer and tv with the same Wi-Fi connection.

Step 2) Right-click anywhere on the desktop and click on ‘Display settings’ and the Display settings page will open, as shown in the below snapshot:

Step 3) Click on the ‘Multiple Displays’ drop-down box and choose ‘Duplicate this display’ option under it.

Step 4) Now, click on the ‘Apply’ button.

Step 5) Open ‘Settings’ on Windows by pressing the Windows button or search ‘Settings’ on the search bar. The windows settings page will open, as shown in the below snapshot:

Step 6) Select and click on ‘Devices’ option from the ‘Windows settings’ as shown in the below snapshot:

Step 7) Now, the ‘Devices settings’ page will open and click on the ‘Add Bluetooth’ or other device (+) button, and a new window will open with three options in which you have to choose the device type that you want to add. Here, you need to select ‘Wireless display’ and click on it as shown below:

Step 8) The computer will start searching and recognize the device, and when it finds the TV connection, it will appear on the screen. The computer will automatically get connected to your selected device. Finally, you will be able to connect your computer to the TV.

These are the method through which you can connect your computer to your television and enjoy visibility on a bigger display.

Troubleshooting Devices

If any problem is occurring while making the device’s connection, we need to take care of the following points:

• Choose the correct cables or adapters for making the connection. It is because sometimes the cables are workable, but it may not be correct for holding audio and video signals. So, ensure to purchase the audio/visual cable only.
• Ensure that you have made proper cable connections on both devices. It is because if cables are loosely connected to the ports or connected in the wrong ports, the connection may not be proper. Also, if you are using DVI and VGA cable connection, take care that the screws are tightly screwed.
• Make sure that the devices (computer and tv are full-on volume), i.e., both devices should not be on mute. In case, the volume is up and still you are not able to hear any volume, change the audio output. To change the audio output, right-click on the ‘sound icon’ present on the bottom-right corner of the taskbar. Open the ‘sound settings’ and choose your appropriate output device.
• If none of the points work out, the last option is to restart your computer as well as tv so that it can detect the new display connection.
• At last, if you find your ‘HDMI not supported’ error message, it means your computer and tv have different display settings for resolution.

Thus, using the above-described methods, we can connect the computer and tv and solve out the problem if it occurs.

When you own a computer, it is good to change the name of the computer and give it a new name as per your desire. Generally, when we buy a computer, the model name of the computer is the name of the computer, so it is better to rename it. However, it is good if you provide your name to your computer so that it can help you in case of stealing your system, tracking the system, or any other purpose.

Here, we will discuss the method through which we can change the name of our computer easily. Such a question of how to change the name of the computer appears in those minds which are new to the computer. If you are a new computer user, you will get to know the steps through which you can easily change the name of your computer system.

Changing the name of the computer

There are following steps through which one can easily change the name of the computer:

1) Click on ‘Start’ on your system and open ‘Settings’ by clicking on the icon appearing or search for ‘Settings’ on the search tab. A screenshot is shown below:

2) Now, the ‘Windows Settings’ window will open. Click on the ‘System’ icon present at the very first position on the left side. A screenshot is shown below:

3) The ‘System’ settings window will open. On the left side, a panel will be seen carrying several options. One such option is ‘About’, which is the last option in the panel. Click on it as shown in the below screenshot:

4) It will open the ‘About’ page under which you will view details regarding Device Specifications and Windows Specifications, as shown in the below snapshot:

5) Under ‘Device Specifications’, the current name of the computer can be seen with other details as you can see in the below screenshot:

The current name of the computer is ‘Moksparb1’.

6) To rename the system, click on ‘Rename this PC’, and a small input box will open in which you need to provide the new name of the computer. Click on “Next’ after typing the name in the textbox. A screenshot is shown below:

7) Now, confirm the name by re-entering the name you provided.

8) At last, it will ask to restart the computer. It provides two options, i.e., either to ‘Restart Now’ or “Restart Later’. As soon as you restart the computer, the name of your computer will get changed.

9) To view the current name of the computer, open the ‘File Explorer’ on the system and right-click on ‘This PC’ as shown in the below snapshot:

10) Click on ‘Properties,’ and you can find the current name of the computer, as shown below:

It can be seen that the name of the computer has changed to ‘Moksparb’ from ‘Mokshparb1’.

So, it is the method through which a new user or a learner can easily change the name of the computer.