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Physiology FAQ's

Define and list the bones that form the brain case or support the facial structures.

The brain case surrounds and protects the brain, which occupies the cranial cavity inside the skull. It consists of the rounded calvaria and a complex base. The brain case is formed by eight bones, the paired parietal and temporal bones plus the unpaired frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.

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Physiology FAQ's

Discuss the functions of the axial skeleton.

The function of the axial skeleton is to provide support and protection for the brain, the spinal cord, and the organs in the ventral body cavity. It provides a surface for the attachment of muscles that move the head, neck, and trunk, performs respiratory movements, and stabilizes parts of the appendicular skeleton.

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Physiology FAQ's

Define the two divisions of the skeleton.

The 80 bones of the axial skeleton form the vertical axis of the body. They include the bones of the head, vertebral column, ribs and breastbone or sternum. The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones and includes the free appendages and their attachments to the axial skeleton.

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Physiology FAQ's

Describe the effects caused when the parathyroid gland fails to respond to calcium bound to its receptors.

In the condition described, the parathyroid glands are not responding to the signal that there is sufficient calcium in the blood and they keep releasing PTH, which causes the bone to release more calcium into the blood. Ultimately, the bones become fragile and hypercalcemia can result.

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Physiology FAQ's

In what ways do intramembranous and endochondral ossification differ?

In intramembranous ossification, bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue. In endochondral ossification, bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage.

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Physiology FAQ's

What are the structural and functional differences between a tarsal and a metatarsal?

Structurally, a tarsal is a short bone, meaning its length, width, and thickness are about equal, while a metatarsal is a long bone whose length is greater than its width. Functionally, the tarsal provides limited motion, while the metatarsal acts as a lever.

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Physiology FAQ's

Why do scars look different from surrounding skin?

Rather than slowly build skin the usual way, scars are the work of the body’s rapid response team. But while the tissue that makes up a scar is made of the same stuff as normal skin – a protein called collagen, primarily – it looks and feels different.

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Physiology FAQ's

Why do teenagers often experience acne?

Oil glands get stimulated when hormones become active during puberty. That’s why people are likely to get acne in their teens. Because the tendency to develop acne is partly genetic, if other people in your family had (or have) acne, you may be more likely to have it too.

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Physiology FAQ's

Describe the structure and composition of nails.

Nail Structure. The nail structure is divided into six parts: root, nail bed, nail plate, eponychium, paronychium, and hyponychium. Each of these six components has a specific function, and if a component of the nail structure is disrupted, the nail can look abnormal.

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Physiology FAQ's

Explain the differences between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.

Eccrine glands occur over most of your body and open directly onto the surface of your skin. Apocrine glands open into the hair follicle, leading to the surface of the skin.