Category: Fourth generation of computer

In the beginning, only around ten to twenty components were contained by the integrated circuits technology, which was known as SSI (small scale integration). Later, it became possible to combine hundreds of components on a single chip with the development of advanced technology in the field of ICs, which was known as medium scale integration (MSI). With time, combining more than 30,000 components onto a single chip became possible. The effort is still continued for further advanced technology with the expectation that there will be developing technology that would integrate over millions of components on a single chip, which is called very-large-scale integration (VLSI).

The computers of the fourth generation contain LSI chip technology as their brain. The help of this technology made it possible to manufacture extremely powerful computers as well as very small in size. That led to a social revolution in the computer field. With the size of a postage stamp, on a single ship, an entire computer circuit was soon available. Later, it became possible to make a computer for everyone as the cost of manufacturing them became inexpensive.

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

The size of fourth-generation computers decreased because of the high density of components.The development of these computers was intended for completely general-purpose use.They are more reliable, and the heat generation of these computers was negligible.The computers made in the fourth generation do not require air condition in many cases.These computers need minimum maintenance.The fourth-generation computers were inexpensive and portable as compared to previous versions.In terms of speed, computers of the fourth generation were much faster among all generations.During this period, PCs became more common as well as affordable.The objective of the development of these computers was for commercial production.In this generation of computers, all kinds of High-level languages can be used.

The manufacturing of VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration) Chip was needed very advanced technology.One of the other limitations of these computers; they were highly sophisticated.They required a fan for cooling the system.Also, the manufacturing of Microprocessors needed high technical knowledge.The fabrication of ICs can be made by high quality and reliable system or technology.

The computers made in the fourth generation have numerous characteristics, which are as follows:

• These computers used a VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration) circuit that integrates millions of transistors.
• The fourth-generation computers are cheaper in price as compared to the previous three generations of computers.
• They emerged single-board computer and the single-chip processor.
• This generation of computers improved in terms of speed, accuracy and reliability.
• Due to the high component density, they were small in size comparing to previous generation’s computers.
• In the fourth generation, multiple high-level languages like BASIC, PASCAL, COBOL, FORTRAN, and C language were developed.
• Additionally, the personal computer (PC) revolution also developed because of the features of fourth generation computers.
• The use of data communication was widespread because of these computers.
• The development of the networking between the systems began in the fourth-generation computers.

The five independent units Input, arithmetic and logic, memory, output and control unit are included in the computers made in the fourth generation. The below diagram represents the physical location of computer’s functional unit in the computer. The unit takes input (digital information) by users with the help of input devices such as mouse, keyboard, microphone, etc. The input is processed or hold on the basis of the kind of instruction.

The computers made in the fourth generation were based upon the microprocessor, which was the extended version of the third generation of computers. These computers used VLSI circuits, and the time period of this generation was 1971 to 1980. On a single chip, VLSI and LSI techniques are contained by a microprocessor to pack millions of transistors. VLSI short for Very Large-Scale Integration, and LSI stands for Large Scale Integration. In modern times, the speed and memory of computers have enhanced drastically while the cost and size have dramatically decreased.

The characteristics of the fourth generation of computers was that associated with the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) with the help of combining many transistors into a single chip because these computers used the VLSI technology. For instance, due to the technology used to build fourth-generation computers, they came with various features such as more versatile, large primary storage capacity, excellent in speed and reliability, portable, very compact and small, etc.

In this generation, computers have become more popular as they are sold at the lowest price. Additionally, the personal computer (PC) revolution also developed because of the features of fourth generation computers. The below image is an instance of the microprocessor.

The first processor was Intel 4004 that was built on a single silicon chip, which was built in 1971 and included 2,300 transistors. It gave a new rise to the generation of a computer whose lineage would be continued in the present. In 1981, IBM chose the Intel Corporation as the builder of the microprocessor (the Intel 8086) for IBM’s new machine, the IBM-PC. Around 240,000 additions per second can be executed by the new IBM machine, the IBM-PC. However, in terms of speed, this computer was much slower as compared to the computers in the IBM 360 family. But it became the reason to grow the personal computer market and its cost was only $4,000 in today’s dollars.

Later in 1996, the PC, Intel Corporation’s Pentium Pro was very fast in speed; it had the capability of executing 400,000,000 additions per second, which was approx 210,000 times fast comparing to the ENIAC-the workhorse of World War II. The cost of the machine is only $4,400 in dollars.

In modern times, all computers are basin on microprocessor technology. The manufacturing of chips is not costly. Memory chips and processor chips both are different; memory chips are used for dynamic RAM (random access memory), and processor chips are used as a central processor. The millions of transistors are used in both kinds of chips (Memory and processor chips). The chips can be available in the future through which memory and processor chips can be combined on a single silicon die.

Due to a lot of transistors can be concentrated in a very small place, Superscalar, cached and pipelined microprocessors became popular that allowed scientists to exploit instruction-level parallelism with the help of instruction pipelines along with designs, which made it capable of executing more than one instruction at a time (called superscalar). Also, scientists became capable of designing these single-chip processors with onboard memory, which is known as a cache. The Intel Pentium Pro PC was known as for pipelined, cached, superscalar microprocessor.

Also, the use of parallel processors has increased during this period. In order to results in parallel, these machines integrate multiple processors in different ways. Now, they are used for file servers and as well as databases; however, they have also been used for scientific computations. They still may not lend themselves various problems to a parallel solution and very hard to program because they are not as universal as uniprocessors.

It has been said that if there had improvements in the airline industry at the same rate as the computer industry, one could travel from New York to San Francisco in 5 seconds for 50 cents. The performance of microprocessors was improving at a rate of 55 percent per year in the late 1990s. If that improvement not stops and does continue, it will be right to say that at the dawn of the twenty-first century, in Silicon Valley, all the computing power of all the computers could be possessed with the help of a single microprocessor. Some other examples of fourth generation computers are included: IBM 4341, DEC 10, STAR 1000 and PUP 11.